The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnected network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and network connectivity, enabling them to collect and exchange data. IoT devices range from everyday consumer products like smart thermostats and wearable fitness trackers to industrial machinery and infrastructure monitoring systems. These devices communicate with each other and with central systems over the internet, allowing for real-time data collection, remote monitoring, and automated control.

The IoT ecosystem is transforming various industries by enabling new business models, improving efficiency, and providing insights through data analytics. For example, in healthcare, IoT devices can monitor patient health remotely, while in manufacturing, they can optimize production processes by providing real-time feedback. Despite its potential, the widespread adoption of IoT also raises challenges, including concerns about security, privacy, and data management. Ensuring the safety and reliability of IoT systems requires robust encryption, secure communication protocols, and stringent access controls to protect against unauthorized access and data breaches.