Encryption is the process of converting plaintext data into a coded format, called ciphertext, to prevent unauthorized access. This transformation is achieved using algorithms and encryption keys, making the data unreadable to anyone who does not possess the correct decryption key. Encryption is a fundamental aspect of cybersecurity, protecting sensitive information such as passwords, financial transactions, and personal data during transmission and storage. There are two main types of encryption: symmetric-key encryption, where the same key is used for both encryption and decryption, and asymmetric-key encryption, which uses a pair of keys—a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.

Encryption is widely used in various applications, including securing communications over the internet (e.g., HTTPS), protecting data stored on devices (e.g., full-disk encryption), and safeguarding sensitive information in databases. It ensures that even if data is intercepted or accessed by unauthorized individuals, it remains unintelligible without the proper decryption key. As cyber threats become more sophisticated, encryption continues to evolve, with advancements in algorithms and techniques to counter potential vulnerabilities and enhance data security across different platforms and environments.